Geography Study Materials and Hand-outs

Stages of Demographic Transition Model The changes in population growth rates and the effect on population can be shown on the Demographic Transition Model (Population Cycle): This can be divided into four stages:      Stage 1 - High Fluctuating           Birth Rate and Death rate are both high. Population growth is slow and fluctuating.           The birth Rate is high as a result of:, Lack of family planning High Infant Mortality Rate: putting babies in the 'bank' Need for workers in agriculture Religious beliefs Children as economic assets           The death Rate is high because of:           High levels of disease           Famine           Lack of clean water and sanitation           Lack of health care           War           Competition for food from predators such as rats           Lack of education          Example:  Typical of Britain in the 18th century and the Least Economically Developed Countries           (LEDCs) today. Stage

  Definition of Demographic Transitional Model The Demographic transition model (DTM) is a model used to represent the process of explaining the transformation of countries from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic development of a country from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economy . It is based on an interpretation begun in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson   of prior observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the past two hundred years. Diagram which includes stage five Most developed countries are beyond stage three of the model; the majority of developing countries are in stage 2 or stage 3. The model was based on the changes seen in Europe so these countries follow the DTM relatively well. Many developing countries have moved into stage 3. The major exceptions are some poor countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern count

There are various definitions for Demography from various perspective and point of view. It is part of Human Geography and can be defined as:- According to the Oxford Dictionary Demography is  the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations. According to the Webster Dictionary Demography is the statistical study of human populations especially with reference to size and density , distribution, and vital statistics. Again Cambridge Dictionary has defined demography the study of changes in the number of births, marriages, deaths, etc. in a particular area during a period of time. So, Demography  is the study of the size, composition and distribution of human population across space and the process through which  populations change. ** ‘ Big three’ phenomenon of demography  are : Births Deaths and  Migration   These three factors are jointly producing population stability or change. Demogr

Population geography is a division of human geography that is particularly focused on the scientific study of humans, their activities and intra-relation between human activities and the environment. Before learning about population geography it is essential to know what does population means.  According to Merriam Webster dictionary,  population can be defined as a group of people living in a geographical area at a particular time . Whereas Geography can be simply defined as:- "T he study of places and the relationships between people and their environments". So, by summing up these two individual term "   Population" and "Geography" we can define population geography as the study of spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations to the terrain or to a particular geographical Area. Population geography involves demography in a spatial context and regulated by the demographic processes of fertility, Mortality a