Methods in Transport Geography

Methods in Transport Geography

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue

1. Transportation and Methodologies

Transportation is not a science, but a field of inquiry and application. Two common traits of transportation studies, regardless of disciplinary affiliation, are a heavy reliance on empirical data and the intensive use of data analytic techniques, ranging from simple descriptive measures to more complex modeling structures. In some respects, transport geography stands out from many other fields of human geography by the nature and function of its quantitative analysis. In fact, transport geography was one of the main forces in the quantitative revolution that helped to redefine geography in the 1960s with the use of inferential statistics, abstract models and new theories. Although this perspective provided much needed rigor, it also favored a disconnection between empirical and theoretical approaches. Like in economics, the quantitative revolution led to a mechanistic perspective where concordance to reality became somewhat secondary; realities were made to fit into models. Even if contemporary transport geography has a more diversified approach, the quantitative dimension plays an important part in the discipline since transportation research is expected to be substantiated by data and methodological approaches.

Models in Transport Geography

Taxonomy of Transport Geography Methods

The main goal of methods aims to improve mobility by identifying its spatial constraints. These constraints can be capacity, cost, time, environmental impacts, but more often in combination. It is consequently possible to identify relevant strategies and policies and provide some scenarios about their possible consequences.

There are various ways of classifying the methods that are used by transport geography:

• Whether they are qualitative or quantitative.
• Whether they deal with infrastructures (e.g. terminals) or flows.
• Whether they provide interpolation or extrapolation.
• Whether the technique provides description, explanation or optimization.
• According to the level of data aggregation, the nature of the assumptions or the complexity of the calculations.

Like in geography, spatial and temporal process cannot be considered separately. A basic taxonomy can divide them into transport-related methods and multidisciplinary methods.

2. Transport-Related Methods

A first group of methods concern those directly related to the study of transportation since most draw their origins from transport planning. The methods mainly used in transport geography include:

• Network analysis (also referred to as graph theory), which is used to study transport network forms and structures, particularly how they change in time. Network science has offered transport geography a whole set of mathematical tools. For example, network analysis can be used to assess the evolution of the hub-and-spoke configuration of airline services.
• Transport geographers also play a key role in studying land use – transport interactions. Numerical models have been developed, which, over time, have become increasingly complex.
• Transport geographers are also interested in flow and location allocation models that can be used to define such things as school district boundaries or the location for a new retail outlet. These techniques are optimization procedures rather than methods for describing or understanding current transport systems.

Transport geography enables empirically-based representations of various dimensions of transportation systems. In addition, there are various methods of general use in transportation studies to are readily applicable in transport geography:

• First, a diverse set of techniques is used in the urban transportation modeling exercise, the purpose of which is to understand and predict urban spatial patterns.
• Second, traffic surveys that are used to gather empirical information about movements such as their routing and frequency.

3. Multidisciplinary Methods

Include the whole range of methods that were not specifically developed for transportation studies but are readily applicable to its analysis. They are labeled as multidisciplinary since they can be applied to a wide range of issues irrespective of the discipline. First, there are methods that are central to geography, but are not restricted to the study of transportation systems:

• Cartography is the most obvious example of a geographic technique. Indeed, various types of maps are used in the analysis of transport systems, including land use maps, depictions of transport infrastructure, isoline maps of transportation costs, or schematics of transportation activity patterns.
• Geographic information systems (GIS), which are an outgrowth of digital cartography, provide a set of tools for storing, retrieving, analyzing and displaying spatial data from the real world. GIS technology has been applied to some large-scale transportation planning and engineering applications. More often, however, GIS are applied in a prescriptive way to small-scale problems, for example to plot optimal routes for buses, delivery trucks, or emergency vehicles.
• There are also various statistics that have been developed or modified by geographers to describe urban-economic systems. Examples include the Gini coefficient and indexes of concentration and specialization.

Geographic Information Systems and Transportatio

Dimensions of Transport Geography

Second, there are various methods that are used in many different applications, including transportation analysis. They underline that transportation analysts are not restricted to those methods that have been developed with transportation in mind, but to whatever is relevant to a specific problem. In fact, many methods that were initially developed for other problems have widespread use in transportation studies:

• Some methods are used to collect primary data (e.g. questionnaires and interviews) while others are used to analyze data. Some of the analytic techniques are straightforward to implement and interpret; graphs (e.g. scattergrams, distance-decay curves) and tables (e.g. origin-destination matrices) are two examples. Others are more complex, such as inferential statistics like the t-test, correlation, variance, regression and chi-square.
• Increasingly, transportation studies are concerned with economic impacts and public policy issues. They rely more on qualitative information such as policy statements, rules and regulations including their evolution in time. Various types of impacts are considered, including economic (e.g. community development), social (e.g. access to services), environmental (e.g. air or water pollution) and health (e.g. road accidents). The broad fields of environmental impact assessment, risk assessment and policy analysis are relevant to these issues.

The development and application of methods to transport studies in general and transport geography in particular has been increasingly complex, particularly as improvements in information technologies made available more powerful analytical tools. For instance, a commercial geographic information system package has analytical and modeling capabilities well beyond of what is undertaken by most researchers, analysts or policy makers.

Future developments are therefore more likely to focus on empirical data analysis using known methods but with more extensive datasets. The use of what is known as “big data” shows a potential to automate data gathering using remote sensing, sensors and mobile devices. This will lead to more detailed and consequential analysis of real-world transport phenomena and help better connect theoretical knowledge and real-world applications. Transport geography is therefore more constrained by the availability of data than by methodological limitations.

Transport-Related Methods

• Graph Theory: Definitions and Properties
• Graph Theory: Measures and Indices
• Network Data Models
• The Route Selection Process
• Traffic Assignment
• Linear Programming
• Transport Technical and Economic Performance Indicators
• Traffic Counts and Traffic Surveys
• Transportation / Land Use Modeling
• The Lowry Model

Multidisciplinary Methods

• Location Analysis
• Market Area Analysis
• The Specialization Index and the Location Coefficient
• The Gini Coefficient
• Spatial Interactions and the Gravity Model
• The Policy Process
• Transportation Environmental Management
• Delphi Forecasting
• Cost-Benefits Analysis
• Full Cost Pricing
• Transport Policies Analysis