history of GIS

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Discuss briefly the history of GIS between 1960 to 2000

  • 1963:  Computing comes of age (Establishment of the Urban and Regional Information System Association URISA and the first GIS Conference in Ottowa, Canada in 1963).  
  • 1964: Canada GIS-Roger Tomlinson “Father of GIS”  
  • 1964: Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis  
  • 1970s GIS software evolves rapidly (more GIS companies appeared e.g. Intergraph, ESRI, Governmental departments introduced GIS e.g. The US Bureau of the Census)  
  • 1980s GIS software advances significantly (more budget and human resources allocated for GIS, by the end of 1980s more than 4000 GIS/CAD software are introduced)  
  • Digital data becomes available (TIGER, World Data Bank, DIME) 
  • 1990s (integration of Raster and Vector based systems, Multi-media GIS, software become more user friendly)  
  •  2000:   Web-based GIS


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Planetary Winds: Their Types and Definition

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The Vance Model of Transport Development

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Based on his work on the eastern seaboard of America, Vance (1970) developed a five-stage ‘mercantile’ model to illustrate the development of transport links and the growth of the urban hierarchy in North America (Figure 3.6). Although primarily concerned with trade, his model is important in that it stresses the impact of exogenous forces on the evolution of transport networks and their associated spatial patterns. The Vance Model of Transport Development In the initial stage, an accumulating of wealth in Europe prompted overseas expansion of an exploratory nature. Stage 2 sees the beginnings of the transatlantic trade routes based on the one-way trade in staple products such a fish, furs and timber. From 1620, permanent settlement occurs in North America; this results in Atlantic trade in both directions as settlers begin to produce commodities for export and consume manufactured products from a rapidly industrialising Europe (stage 3). Internal transport links are limited
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